自我國提出(chu)碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)和(以下(xia)簡稱“雙碳(tan)”)目(mu)標(biao)一(yi)(yi)年多的(de)時間(jian)里,按照中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)相關決策(ce)與部(bu)署,各地將“雙碳(tan)”當作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)項重點(dian)工(gong)作(zuo)去落(luo)實和推動。但(dan)由于(yu)一(yi)(yi)些地方(fang)對目(mu)標(biao)和政策(ce)領悟(wu)不夠深刻,甚至錯誤理解(jie),在貫徹執行中(zhong)(zhong)存在偏差(cha),出(chu)現(xian)了“運動式”“沖(chong)鋒式”減碳(tan)現(xian)象,影響到能源(yuan)供應、居民生活和經濟(ji)發(fa)展。近日發(fa)布的(de)《中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang) 國務院關于(yu)完整準確全面貫徹新(xin)發(fa)展理念(nian)做好碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)和工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)意見》(以下(xia)簡稱《意見》),對“雙碳(tan)”工(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)出(chu)了系統謀(mou)劃,明(ming)確了總體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)、主要(yao)目(mu)標(biao)和重大舉措,是指導各地、各行業做好“雙碳(tan)”這項重大工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)綱領性文件,讓(rang)“雙碳(tan)”目(mu)標(biao)實現(xian)的(de)路徑更(geng)為清晰和科(ke)學合理。
首先(xian)(xian),《意見》指(zhi)明(ming)了綠(lv)色低碳(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)正確(que)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)方向。由于目前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟增(zeng)長尚未與碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)完全脫鉤,一些(xie)地(di)方的(de)(de)經(jing)濟發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)還(huan)高度依(yi)賴(lai)高排(pai)放(fang)、高耗能(neng)的(de)(de)工業。因此(ci),有觀點(dian)認為(wei)減碳(tan)(tan)會影響經(jing)濟增(zeng)長,導致(zhi)對碳(tan)(tan)減排(pai)心(xin)存畏(wei)懼、積(ji)極(ji)性不(bu)(bu)高。對此(ci),《意見》強調(diao)指(zhi)出(chu),實(shi)現“雙碳(tan)(tan)”是(shi)著力(li)解決資(zi)源環(huan)境約束突出(chu)問(wen)(wen)題、實(shi)現中華民族永續發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)必然選擇,是(shi)構建(jian)人(ren)類命運共同體的(de)(de)莊嚴承諾(nuo)。綠(lv)色低碳(tan)(tan)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)已不(bu)(bu)是(shi)“走(zou)(zou)不(bu)(bu)走(zou)(zou)、要(yao)我(wo)走(zou)(zou)”,而(er)(er)是(shi)“我(wo)要(yao)走(zou)(zou)、必須走(zou)(zou)、如(ru)何走(zou)(zou)得(de)好(hao)”的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題。各地(di)應將“雙碳(tan)(tan)”工作作為(wei)重大事項,必須堅定不(bu)(bu)移(yi)地(di)主動作為(wei),把“雙碳(tan)(tan)”納(na)入生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)建(jian)設整體布局,制(zhi)定科學的(de)(de)行(xing)動方案,才能(neng)有助于加快形成節約資(zi)源和保護環(huan)境的(de)(de)產(chan)業結構、生(sheng)產(chan)方式(shi)、生(sheng)活方式(shi)、空間格局,進而(er)(er)推動我(wo)國(guo)(guo)走(zou)(zou)向生(sheng)態(tai)優(you)先(xian)(xian)、綠(lv)色低碳(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)高質量發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)道路(lu)。
其次,《意見(jian)》進一(yi)步明確(que)了(le)不同(tong)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)目標(biao)。如果沒(mei)有(you)具(ju)有(you)約束性質的(de)(de)(de)目標(biao),實(shi)現(xian)“雙碳”就是一(yi)個空洞的(de)(de)(de)口號,但如果目標(biao)脫離實(shi)際情況,又會帶(dai)來更多的(de)(de)(de)壓力和挑(tiao)戰(zhan)。《意見(jian)》將實(shi)現(xian)“雙碳”目標(biao)大致(zhi)分為三個階(jie)段(duan),并(bing)分階(jie)段(duan)設定不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)目標(biao)。其中(zhong),《意見(jian)》要求(qiu),到2060年,非化石能(neng)源消(xiao)費比重達到80%以(yi)上,碳中(zhong)和目標(biao)順利實(shi)現(xian)。非化石能(neng)源比重達80%以(yi)上是最(zui)新公開的(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)一(yi)個2060年的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)化目標(biao),意義重大,意味著(zhu)未(wei)來要削(xue)減掉70%的(de)(de)(de)碳排放,傳(chuan)統化石能(neng)源比重只能(neng)維持(chi)在20%以(yi)內(nei),為傳(chuan)統化石能(neng)源未(wei)來發展設定了(le)一(yi)個具(ju)體門檻(jian)。
第三,《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》提(ti)供了(le)清(qing)晰的(de)“雙碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”實(shi)施路(lu)徑和具(ju)體舉措(cuo)(cuo)。“雙碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”是(shi)系(xi)統(tong)性(xing)、戰略性(xing)和全(quan)局性(xing)工(gong)作,覆蓋能(neng)源(yuan)、工(gong)業、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)、建(jian)筑等(deng)高(gao)耗(hao)能(neng)、高(gao)排(pai)放(fang)部門,涉及生產和消費、基礎(chu)設(she)施建(jian)設(she)和社(she)會(hui)福利等(deng)各方(fang)(fang)面。由于(yu)它(ta)的(de)復雜(za)性(xing),在(zai)之(zhi)前的(de)推動(dong)過(guo)程中(zhong),各地政(zheng)府面臨(lin)的(de)一個難題就是(shi)不(bu)清(qing)楚如何(he)實(shi)施,不(bu)知從哪里入(ru)手(shou),缺乏實(shi)施的(de)方(fang)(fang)法和手(shou)段。對此,《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》從我國碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)具(ju)體來源(yuan)分(fen)類入(ru)手(shou),分(fen)別從經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)層面、產業結構、能(neng)源(yuan)體系(xi)、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運輸體系(xi)、城(cheng)鄉建(jian)設(she)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面提(ti)出(chu)具(ju)體的(de)政(zheng)策(ce)措(cuo)(cuo)施。例如,在(zai)推進經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)發(fa)展全(quan)面綠(lv)(lv)色(se)轉型中(zhong),要強化綠(lv)(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發(fa)展規劃引領;優化綠(lv)(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發(fa)展區城(cheng)布(bu)局;形成(cheng)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)生產生活(huo)方(fang)(fang)式等(deng)。除碳(tan)(tan)(tan)減排(pai)政(zheng)策(ce)外,《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》還提(ti)出(chu)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)鞏固生態系(xi)統(tong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)匯(hui)能(neng)力、提(ti)升生態系(xi)統(tong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)匯(hui)增(zeng)量等(deng)方(fang)(fang)法,持續(xu)鞏固提(ti)升碳(tan)(tan)(tan)匯(hui)能(neng)力,增(zeng)大碳(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)收(shou)能(neng)力。
第四,《意(yi)見(jian)》提出(chu)了保(bao)障“雙(shuang)(shuang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”實施(shi)(shi)的政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)措施(shi)(shi)。“雙(shuang)(shuang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”工(gong)作需(xu)要(yao)投(tou)入(ru)巨大的人力(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)、財力(li)(li),需(xu)要(yao)強大的技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)支(zhi)撐(cheng)和物資(zi)保(bao)障基(ji)礎。對此(ci)(ci),《意(yi)見(jian)》提出(chu)要(yao)強化基(ji)礎研(yan)(yan)究和前沿(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)布局,推進(jin)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)前沿(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)攻(gong)關;加(jia)快(kuai)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)捕集利用與封(feng)存(cun)、新型儲能、新型材料等先進(jin)適用技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)和推廣(guang)等,推進(jin)綠色(se)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)重大科技(ji)(ji)(ji)攻(gong)關和推廣(guang)應(ying)用,為(wei)“雙(shuang)(shuang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”提供(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)支(zhi)撐(cheng)。此(ci)(ci)外(wai),在物資(zi)保(bao)障基(ji)礎方面,《意(yi)見(jian)》提出(chu)完善投(tou)資(zi)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce),加(jia)大綠色(se)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)投(tou)資(zi);設立碳(tan)(tan)(tan)減(jian)排貨幣政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)工(gong)具,研(yan)(yan)究設立國家低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)轉型基(ji)金(jin),積極發(fa)(fa)展綠色(se)金(jin)融(rong)等。《意(yi)見(jian)》通過諸多政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)共同發(fa)(fa)力(li)(li),為(wei)實現“雙(shuang)(shuang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”目標提供(gong)長期穩(wen)定的財政(zheng)(zheng)、金(jin)融(rong)、稅收、價格支(zhi)持(chi)。
第五(wu),《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》將推動(dong)(dong)(dong)“雙碳(tan)(tan)”工(gong)作科學有序(xu)實施(shi)。之前“運動(dong)(dong)(dong)式(shi)”“沖(chong)鋒(feng)式(shi)”減碳(tan)(tan)現象的出(chu)現,在(zai)于一(yi)些地(di)(di)方沒有“先(xian)立(li)后破”,在(zai)不具備條件(jian)和(he)(he)基礎(chu)下盲(mang)目推動(dong)(dong)(dong),導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)節(jie)奏過快(kuai)、“雙碳(tan)(tan)”工(gong)作失(shi)序(xu)。對此,《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》特意(yi)提出(chu)要做好(hao)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)“雙碳(tan)(tan)”工(gong)作的前期基礎(chu)性工(gong)作,例如(ru),完善(shan)地(di)(di)區、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)、企業(ye)、產品等碳(tan)(tan)排放核(he)查核(he)算報告標準,建立(li)統一(yi)規范(fan)的碳(tan)(tan)核(he)算體(ti)系;健全重(zhong)點(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)領(ling)域能(neng)(neng)耗統計監測和(he)(he)計量體(ti)系,加強重(zhong)點(dian)用能(neng)(neng)單(dan)位能(neng)(neng)耗在(zai)線監測系統建設;研(yan)究制定(ding)碳(tan)(tan)中和(he)(he)專項法律等。在(zai)具體(ti)推進過程(cheng)中,《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》提出(chu)要堅(jian)持“全國(guo)統籌(chou)、節(jie)約(yue)優先(xian)、雙輪驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)、內外暢通、防(fang)范(fan)風(feng)險”原則,加強組織領(ling)導(dao)(dao),強化(hua)統籌(chou)協調(diao),壓實地(di)(di)方責任,嚴格監督考核(he),確保“雙碳(tan)(tan)”工(gong)作沿(yan)著正(zheng)確軌(gui)道、科學有序(xu)實施(shi),避免(mian)因減碳(tan)(tan)帶來發展“失(shi)速”,造成轉型“脫軌(gui)”和(he)(he)失(shi)衡(heng)。
總之,作為碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中和(he)(he)“1+N”政策(ce)體系中的(de)“1”,意見的(de)出臺將讓(rang)地(di)(di)方政府更加明確方向,理(li)清思路,極大地(di)(di)推動(dong)各地(di)(di)按照中央意見的(de)要求,因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜,出臺具體的(de)行動(dong)方案(an)和(he)(he)路線圖,科學有序(xu)推動(dong)和(he)(he)實(shi)施(shi)“雙(shuang)碳(tan)”工(gong)作。
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建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)單(dan)體燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),成束電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)垂直燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),單(dan)根電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)垂直燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)難燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)可(ke)燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)不燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)裝(zhuang)置,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)著(zhu)火性(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)熱(re)值(zhi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)儀(yi)(yi),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)煙密度試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)件耐(nai)(nai)火試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)水平爐(lu),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)件耐(nai)(nai)火試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)垂直爐(lu),鋼結構(gou)防(fang)火涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)隔熱(re)效率試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),鋼結構(gou)防(fang)火涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)小(xiao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),鋼結構(gou)防(fang)火涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)耐(nai)(nai)火試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),防(fang)火涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)隧(sui)道法(fa)小(xiao)室(shi)法(fa)大板(ban)法(fa),材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)產煙毒性(xing)(xing)危險分級試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)表(biao)面燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),鋪(pu)地材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)輻射熱(re)通量(liang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)裝(zhuang)置,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)完整性(xing)(xing)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)煙密度試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),鹵酸氣(qi)體釋出(chu)測定裝(zhuang)置,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)耐(nai)(nai)火燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)熱(re)釋放速(su)率測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi),礦(kuang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)負(fu)載燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)起(qi)痕試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),錐(zhui)形量(liang)熱(re)儀(yi)(yi),氧指數測定儀(yi)(yi),灼熱(re)絲試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),針焰試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)