土地(di)(di)、礦產、森林、草原、海洋……豐富(fu)的自(zi)然資源(yuan)是(shi)我國的生態優勢,將其科(ke)學合(he)理地(di)(di)開(kai)(kai)發利用和保護修(xiu)復,是(shi)助力全(quan)面建成(cheng)小康社會的重(zhong)要(yao)支撐。10月29日,國務院新聞辦召開(kai)(kai)新聞發布(bu)會,自(zi)然資源(yuan)部(bu)部(bu)長、國家自(zi)然資源(yuan)總督察(cha)陸昊就耕地(di)(di)保護、國土空間生態保護修(xiu)復和生態紅線(xian)劃定等(deng)熱點(dian)問題介紹了有關(guan)情(qing)況(kuang)。
對永久基本農田實行特殊保護
萬物土(tu)中生,有(you)土(tu)斯(si)有(you)糧(liang)。近年(nian)來,自然(ran)資源部組織(zhi)開展了第三次全國(guo)國(guo)土(tu)調查。“我(wo)們感(gan)到,雖(sui)然(ran)我(wo)們守(shou)住了國(guo)家確(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)18億畝耕(geng)地保(bao)護紅線,也完成了國(guo)家規劃所(suo)確(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)2020年(nian)18.65億畝耕(geng)地保(bao)有(you)量的(de)任務(wu),但耕(geng)地保(bao)護的(de)形勢依然(ran)嚴峻。”陸昊(hao)說。
根據調查(cha)結果,陸(lu)昊分(fen)析,全社會在(zai)對耕地(di)(di)保護重(zhong)要(yao)性的認識和行動(dong)上(shang)還存(cun)在(zai)差(cha)距,耕地(di)(di)轉為(wei)其他農用(yong)地(di)(di)的規則、節奏和管控上(shang)尚(shang)存(cun)在(zai)問題(ti),程序性、實(shi)質性違法(fa)(fa)占(zhan)用(yong)耕地(di)(di)的問題(ti)仍(reng)時(shi)(shi)有發(fa)生(sheng),一些地(di)(di)方在(zai)耕地(di)(di)的占(zhan)補(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)要(yao)求落實(shi)上(shang)還不到位(wei),同時(shi)(shi)也凸顯出相(xiang)關政策(ce)法(fa)(fa)律不完善的問題(ti)。
由此,“一(yi)攬(lan)子”措施即(ji)將(jiang)出臺,以進一(yi)步強化(hua)耕地保護(hu)。陸昊介紹,要進一(yi)步完(wan)善(shan)法律法規,對過去空缺現在(zai)又急(ji)需的規則進行補充,對只(zhi)有原則性規定的要求要進行細化(hua),對已(yi)不適用(yong)的條文還要進行修正。
同時,對耕地(di)(di)特別(bie)是(shi)永久(jiu)基本(ben)(ben)農(nong)田(tian)實行特殊保(bao)護。按照現(xian)行的(de)《永久(jiu)基本(ben)(ben)農(nong)田(tian)保(bao)護條例》,耕地(di)(di)主要(yao)用于(yu)糧棉油糖菜等(deng)農(nong)產(chan)品生產(chan),明確禁(jin)止占(zhan)用永久(jiu)基本(ben)(ben)農(nong)田(tian)發展林果業和挖塘養魚等(deng),下一(yi)步,還將結合(he)新修訂的(de)法規(gui),在耕地(di)(di)轉(zhuan)為林地(di)(di)、草地(di)(di)、園地(di)(di)等(deng)其他農(nong)用地(di)(di)方面完善操作管理規(gui)定,既要(yao)管“非農(nong)化”,也要(yao)管“非糧化”。在落(luo)實土地(di)(di)占(zhan)補平衡(heng)任務方面,也將堅持實事求是(shi)的(de)原(yuan)則,將所有通過驗收的(de)補充(chong)耕地(di)(di)項目在網上公(gong)開,接受(shou)全社會(hui)監督。
調整不合理的土地利用方式
機構(gou)改革后,中央(yang)明確(que)由(you)自(zi)然資源部統一考慮(lv)和(he)行使國土空間的生態保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)責任(ren)。自(zi)此,祁連山等25個山水(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)一體化(hua)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)重(zhong)大(da)工(gong)程一一啟(qi)動(dong),青藏高原生態屏障區、黃河(he)重(zhong)點(dian)生態區等9個重(zhong)大(da)工(gong)程和(he)47項重(zhong)點(dian)任(ren)務(wu)相繼部署,濱海濕地保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、天(tian)然林(lin)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)、草(cao)原保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)等制度文(wen)件陸續出臺,取(qu)得(de)了(le)一連串令(ling)人振奮的數字——
在(zai)國(guo)土(tu)綠化方(fang)面(mian)(mian),“十三五”期間(jian),全國(guo)完(wan)成(cheng)造林5.45億(yi)畝,退耕還林5438萬(wan)畝,森林覆(fu)蓋(gai)率提高(gao)到(dao)23.04%,草(cao)原(yuan)綜合植被(bei)蓋(gai)度提高(gao)到(dao)56.1%,治(zhi)理(li)沙化土(tu)地1.5億(yi)畝。此外,治(zhi)理(li)修復(fu)歷(li)史(shi)遺(yi)留的廢棄礦(kuang)山400多萬(wan)畝。在(zai)海(hai)(hai)洋方(fang)面(mian)(mian),我國(guo)完(wan)成(cheng)了全國(guo)無居民海(hai)(hai)島、沿海(hai)(hai)灘(tan)涂、珊瑚礁,以(yi)及(ji)紅樹(shu)林、鹽(yan)沼、海(hai)(hai)草(cao)床(chuang)三大藍(lan)碳生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)等基礎和基線調(diao)查,初步(bu)遏(e)制了局部海(hai)(hai)域紅樹(shu)林、鹽(yan)沼、海(hai)(hai)草(cao)床(chuang)等典型生(sheng)境退化趨勢。“十三五”期間(jian),修復(fu)濱海(hai)(hai)濕地2.3萬(wan)公(gong)頃,整治(zhi)修復(fu)岸(an)線1200公(gong)里,渤海(hai)(hai)入(ru)海(hai)(hai)河流的消劣方(fang)案確定(ding)的10個國(guo)控斷面(mian)(mian)水質均值全部達(da)到(dao)V類(lei)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang),區域海(hai)(hai)洋生(sheng)態環境明顯改善。
下一步,自然(ran)資(zi)源部將進一步優化生(sheng)態保(bao)(bao)護和(he)建(jian)設的(de)(de)格(ge)局,按照(zhao)因(yin)地制(zhi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)原則,對不符(fu)合自然(ran)地理(li)格(ge)局的(de)(de)一些土(tu)(tu)地利(li)用方式進行調整(zheng),并進一步提(ti)升生(sheng)態保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)工作的(de)(de)科學性,探索和(he)完善生(sheng)態保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)市場化投(tou)入機制(zhi),在礦山生(sheng)態修(xiu)復(fu)、全域土(tu)(tu)地綜合整(zheng)治試點、海岸線的(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)利(li)用等工作中,鼓勵和(he)支持社(she)會資(zi)本參與生(sheng)態保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)。
完善生態保護紅線劃定成果
科(ke)學劃(hua)定并嚴格(ge)管控生(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線,是(shi)守(shou)住自(zi)然生(sheng)態(tai)安(an)全邊界的(de)(de)(de)重要舉措(cuo)。機(ji)構改革(ge)以來,自(zi)然資源部聯合相關部委,對已經劃(hua)定的(de)(de)(de)15個(ge)(ge)省份生(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線進行(xing)了評估和調整,對其他(ta)16個(ge)(ge)省份開展生(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線劃(hua)定工作(zuo)。“在(zai)(zai)紅(hong)(hong)線劃(hua)定過程(cheng)中(zhong),我們科(ke)學堅持應劃(hua)盡(jin)劃(hua),在(zai)(zai)比例上不(bu)做硬性規定。從結果上看(kan),目前劃(hua)定最高的(de)(de)(de)省份面積超過50%,但也有的(de)(de)(de)省只占7.2%,正是(shi)尊重了所在(zai)(zai)行(xing)政區域的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然地理格(ge)局形成的(de)(de)(de)客觀(guan)結果。”陸昊說。
他透露,目前,自(zi)然(ran)(ran)資源(yuan)部(bu)已聯合(he)(he)相(xiang)關(guan)部(bu)委將31個省(sheng)份(fen)的(de)生態保護(hu)紅(hong)(hong)線方案上報國務院。主要(yao)由(you)三方面構(gou)成:一是整(zheng)合(he)(he)優(you)化以(yi)后的(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)地;二是自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)地外的(de)生態功能極(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)、生態極(ji)脆弱(ruo)的(de)區域;三是目前基本(ben)沒有人類活動(dong),具有潛在重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)生態價值的(de)戰(zhan)略留白區。它們(men)涵蓋了大部(bu)分天(tian)然(ran)(ran)林、草地、濕地等典(dian)型(xing)的(de)陸地自(zi)然(ran)(ran)生態系統,以(yi)及(ji)紅(hong)(hong)樹林、珊瑚礁、海草床等典(dian)型(xing)的(de)海洋(yang)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)生態系統,進一步夯實了國家生態安全格局(ju)。
據(ju)悉,下(xia)一(yi)步,自然(ran)資(zi)源部將結合各級國土空(kong)間(jian)規(gui)劃(hua)編制(zhi),對全(quan)國的生(sheng)態保護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)劃(hua)定成果進(jin)行檢驗(yan)和完(wan)(wan)善,納(na)入(ru)國土空(kong)間(jian)規(gui)劃(hua)一(yi)張底圖,作為(wei)(wei)國土空(kong)間(jian)用途管制(zhi)的基本依據(ju)。同(tong)時(shi),進(jin)一(yi)步完(wan)(wan)善生(sheng)態保護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)的相關管理規(gui)則,細化人(ren)為(wei)(wei)活動(dong)管控(kong),確保生(sheng)態保護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)要“劃(hua)得(de)實、守(shou)得(de)住”。
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建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)單體燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),成束(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)垂直燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),單根電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)垂直燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)難燃(ran)性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)可燃(ran)性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)不燃(ran)性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)著火(huo)性(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)熱值試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)儀(yi),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)煙(yan)(yan)密(mi)度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)(gou)件耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)平(ping)爐(lu),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)(gou)件耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)垂直爐(lu),鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)防火(huo)涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)隔熱效率試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)防火(huo)涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)小試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)防火(huo)涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)爐(lu),防火(huo)涂料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)隧道法(fa)小室法(fa)大(da)板法(fa),材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)產(chan)煙(yan)(yan)毒(du)性(xing)危險分(fen)級(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)表面燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)性(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),鋪地材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)輻射熱通量(liang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)完整性(xing)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)煙(yan)(yan)密(mi)度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),鹵酸氣體釋出測定(ding)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)熱釋放速(su)率測試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi),礦用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)負載燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)起痕試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),錐形(xing)量(liang)熱儀(yi),氧指數測定(ding)儀(yi),灼熱絲試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji),針焰(yan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)